{"id":5894,"date":"2023-03-14T15:20:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T14:20:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/?p=5894"},"modified":"2026-06-23T16:35:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T14:35:24","slug":"efficiency-of-solar-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/wirkungsgrad-von-solarzellen\/","title":{"rendered":"Efficiency of Solar Cells: How efficient are PV systems really?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(Updated April 2026)<\/em> Modernity <strong>Solar cells<\/strong> achieve in practice today <strong>Efficiency levels of approximately 20\u201323%<\/strong> for standard modules. However, the actual output of a photovoltaic system depends not only on the cell itself, but also on what is known as the performance ratio (PR). In modern systems, this typically ranges between 80 and 90%, and indicates the proportion of the theoretically possible energy that is actually generated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/solar-cell-g20ca9029c_1920-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5897\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4993182663306202;width:504px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/solar-cell-g20ca9029c_1920-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/solar-cell-g20ca9029c_1920-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/solar-cell-g20ca9029c_1920-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/solar-cell-g20ca9029c_1920-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/solar-cell-g20ca9029c_1920.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The most important thing in brief<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Standard modules (monocrystalline): approx. 20\u201323% efficiency <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/bifacial-pv-modules-for-commercial-pv-systems\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"11175\">Bifacial PV modules<\/a>: up to 30 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/light-modules-low-load-capacity\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"30282\">Lightweight modules<\/a> fixed: 19-22 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flexible course modules: 15\u201320 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Performance ratio of modern systems: approx. 80\u201390 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biggest Losses: Temperature, Inverter, Shading <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Space efficiency is crucial for economic viability <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efficiency alone is not decisive for the yield<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does efficiency mean for solar cells?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The efficiency describes how much of the incident solar energy is converted into electrical energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example:<br>An efficiency rating of 20 % means that 20 % of solar energy is converted into usable electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important: The efficiency refers <strong>only on the solar cell<\/strong>, not on the entire plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the Performance Ratio (PR)?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The performance ratio is the <strong>Key performance indicator<\/strong> for the overall performance of a PV system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She describes the relationship between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>generated electricity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>theoretically possible current under ideal conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern systems achieve today: approx. <strong>80\u201390 % Performance Ratio<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Losses arise, among other things, from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inverter (~2\u20134 %)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cabling (~1\u20132 %)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temperature losses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pollution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shading<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How have efficiency ratings evolved?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1980s: approx. 10\u201315% cell efficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2000s: approx. 15\u201318 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>today (standard modules): approx. <strong>20\u201323 %<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High-end modules: up to approx. 24 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the lab:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tandem cells: &gt;30 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multi-cell units: &gt;40 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important for practice: these high values are <strong>not economically available for serial production<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which types of solar cells are relevant today?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monocrystalline solar cells (standard in commercial use)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Efficiency: approx. 20\u201323 % <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>highest area efficiency <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standard for Industrial and Commercial Facilities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polycrystalline solar cells (hardly relevant anymore)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Efficiency: approx. 17\u201320 % <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>largely crowded out of the market today<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thin-film modules<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Efficiency: approx. 10\u201313 % <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advantages: lightweight, flexible <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use: Special applications (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/bipv-at-a-glance\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"27230\">Building-integrated photovoltaics<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What factors influence efficiency in practice?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Temperature (very important)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Performance degradation: approx. <strong>0.3\u20130.4 % per \u00b0C<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High module temperatures = lower yield<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, facilities in temperate climates are very efficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Shading<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Even small shadows can cause big losses <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crucial in planning (simulation, string sizing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Pollution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Typical losses: <strong>2\u20135 %<\/strong> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>significantly higher with flat roofs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A regular <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/photovoltaic-cleaning-efficiency-and-value-retention\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"8685\">Photovoltaic cleaning<\/a> enhances efficiency and value retention. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Wirkungsgrad-Solarzellen-Verschmutzung-1024x456.jpg\" alt=\"Efficiency solar cell pollution\" class=\"wp-image-11810\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.2457383218950633;width:285px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Wirkungsgrad-Solarzellen-Verschmutzung-1024x456.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Wirkungsgrad-Solarzellen-Verschmutzung-300x134.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Wirkungsgrad-Solarzellen-Verschmutzung-768x342.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Wirkungsgrad-Solarzellen-Verschmutzung.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Degradation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>modern modules: approx. <strong>0.3\u20130.5 % per year<\/strong> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After 20 years, it typically still delivers ~85\u201390 % of power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With regular maintenance and, if necessary, replacement of the modules, the <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/degradation-of-pv-systems-is-actually-much-lower-than-long-assumed\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"27390\">Degradation of PV systems<\/a> relatively low according to the latest studies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. System Losses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inverters, wiring, etc., add up to a total loss of approximately 5\u201310 % in yield<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How important is efficiency for companies with a PV system, really?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short: The <strong>Efficiency is important \u2013 but not solely decisive.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much more important for economic efficiency are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Share of own consumption<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electricity price level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>System Size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Load profile<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integration into the energy system (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/products\/large-battery-storage\/\" type=\"page\" id=\"19360\">Large-scale battery storage<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Space efficiency: How much power fits on the roof?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical guidelines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>monocrystalline: approx. <strong>5\u20136 sqm per kWp<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>polycrystalline: approx. <strong>6\u20137 m\u00b2 per kWp<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thin-film: &gt;15 m\u00b2 per kWp<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern modules increase surface efficiency and have 420\u2013600 W per module today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is repowering worthwhile due to improved efficiencies?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/repowering-of-pv-systems\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"18501\">Repowering<\/a> PV systems are sometimes worthwhile \u2013 but not automatically. It can be worthwhile if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the facility is older than 10-15 years<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the performance ratio is between ~75 and 80 %<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roof renovations are pending<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>new modules deliver significantly more power per area<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It often doesn't make sense if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the system still works well<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feed-in tariff is high (old plants)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The efficiency of solar cells has significantly improved in recent decades. However, for the economic viability of a photovoltaic system, not only the cell efficiency is decisive, but also the interplay of system efficiency, location, usage, and integration into the energy system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Companies should therefore not only focus on efficiency but also strategically optimize the entire system and its utilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"15300\" class=\"elementor elementor-15300\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7720627 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7720627\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d7cf1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2d7cf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f42313 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f42313\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42660e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42660e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Energy Newsletter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b495a97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b495a97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916e623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"916e623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Always stay up-to-date!<\/p><p><strong>Your advantages:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2713 Latest news on renewable energies<\/p><p>\u2713 Updates on energy law &amp; 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Learn how factors such as temperature and shading affect efficiency, and why area efficiency is more important for commercial profitability than mere laboratory figures.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":395,"featured_media":5895,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grundlagen-technik","category-photovoltaik"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Wirkungsgrad von Solarzellen | CUBE CONCEPTS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wie hoch in der Wirkungsgrad von Solarzellen, welche Solarzellen-Typen gibt es und lohnt sich Repowering?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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