{"id":11036,"date":"2023-10-06T15:07:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T13:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/?p=11036"},"modified":"2026-06-01T14:38:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T12:38:15","slug":"free-space-photovoltaics-an-overview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/freiflaechen-photovoltaik-ein-ueberblick\/","title":{"rendered":"Open-field photovoltaics: Solar farms as economic powerhouses"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ground-mounted solar power \u2013 or&nbsp;<strong>Solar parks<\/strong>&nbsp;- is the most efficient method for generating large amounts of emission-free electricity. Unlike rooftop PV, solar farms optimally utilize suitable open spaces and achieve low levelized costs of electricity. They are particularly suitable for companies, municipalities, and investors with large areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This post provides an in-depth overview: what solar parks achieve, on which areas they are eligible for approval, why they are economically convincing, and how CUBE CONCEPTS implements them as a product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is utility-scale solar?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ground-mounted PV systems use solar modules on ground-based racks or foundations. The modules convert sunlight into direct current (DC), and inverters convert it into grid power. This power then flows directly into the company's grid or the public grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Difference from rooftop solar panels<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Larger scale<\/strong>1 bis &gt;100 MWp possible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Optimal alignment<\/strong>: South-facing, <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/tilt-angle-for-solar-modules\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"18586\">Tilt angle<\/a> 25\u201335\u00b0 \u2013 East\u2013West orientation also makes sense.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High yield<\/strong>: Less shade, better ventilation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/products\/solar-parks\/\" type=\"page\" id=\"543\">Solar parks<\/a> are scalable and reach&nbsp;<strong>Generation costs of 3\u20135 cents per kWh<\/strong>.<a href=\"https:\/\/pvcase.com\/de\/blog\/photovoltaik-auf-freiflaechen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"welche-flchen-eignen-sich-fr-solarparks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which areas are suitable for solar farms?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not every meadow will become a solar farm. Areas eligible for approval are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Conversion areas<\/strong>Former industrial\/commercial areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Embossed surfaces<\/strong>: Landfills, gravel pits, quarries, military sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infrastructure areas<\/strong>Highway\/railway verges, sports fields.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Farmland<\/strong>Only with Agri-PV (dual use with agriculture).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Forbidden<\/strong>High-quality arable\/grassland, nature reserves. Federal states designate suitable areas. Since 2017, simplified building law for up to 100 hectares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advantages of solar parks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solar parks convince with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High yield<\/strong>Optimal alignment, 1,200\u20131,400 kWh\/kWp\/year.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scalability<\/strong>From 1 MWp to megaprojects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic efficiency<\/strong>The larger, the cheaper per kWp (\u20ac0.6\u20130.9\/Wp).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Longevity<\/strong>30+ years, low operating costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flexibility<\/strong>Compatible with <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/co-location-as-an-indispensable-asset-for-renewable-energy-plants\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"27561\">Co-location<\/a> Battery storage, Agri-PV, grid integration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Comparison: Rooftop vs. Ground-Mounted Solar<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Criterion<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Rooftop PV<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Solar park<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Yield\/kWp<\/td><td>Middle<\/td><td>High<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Scalability<\/td><td>Bounded by roof area<\/td><td>Virtually unlimited<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Investment costs<\/td><td>Higher<\/td><td>Low<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approval<\/td><td>Simple<\/td><td>Complex (Building Permit)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Planning and Installation of a Solar Park<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key steps<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mains connection<\/strong>Medium\/High Voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Location Analysis<\/strong>Sunlight, shade, grid connection, soil conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Feasibility study<\/strong>: Economic efficiency, space requirements (approx. 1\u20131.5 ha\/MWp).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Permissions<\/strong>Building law, environmental protection, species protection, Natura 2000 assessment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Technology<\/strong>: Modules (400\u2013600 Wp), trackers (optional; +20% yield but more prone to failure), inverters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cost overview<\/strong> (for MWp, 2026)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Mail<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Costs<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Module + Inverter<\/td><td>500,000 \u2013 700,000 Euros<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mounting: Support structure including ramming or foundations<\/td><td>200,000 \u2013 300,000 Euro<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Planning \/ Approval<\/td><td>50,000 - 100,000 Euro<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>0.8 \u2013 1.1 million Euro<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biodiversity and Environment: Facts Over Myths<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solar parks on suitable land often promote biodiversity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Habitats<\/strong>Flower strips, insect hotels, sheep grazing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Studies<\/strong>BNE study shows higher species diversity than on intensive farmland.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CO\u2082 balance sheet<\/strong>40\u201350 g CO\u2082\/kWh versus 500 g for gas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criticisms (e.g., from NABU) refer to incorrect site selection \u2013 well-planned parks are ecologically positive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operation &amp; Maintenance of Solar Parks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Annual Costs<\/strong>: 1\u20132% of the investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cleaning<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/photovoltaic-cleaning-efficiency-and-value-retention\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"8685\">Module cleaning<\/a> 1-2 times\/year.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inspection<\/strong>Wiring, inverter, foundations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitoring<\/strong>: Real-time monitoring (e.g., CUBE Vision), drone inspection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Service life<\/strong>30\u201340 years old, <a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/degradation-of-pv-systems-is-actually-much-lower-than-long-assumed\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"27390\">Degradation<\/a> &lt;0.51 TP6T per year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Profitability: When are solar farms worthwhile?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Return on Investment<\/strong>: 8\u201312 years with EEG remuneration + self-consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Revenue streams<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>EEG surcharge (green electricity).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Direct marketing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-consumption (for colocation).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BESS Integration<a href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/peak-shaving-2\/\">Peak Shaving<\/a>).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pv-magazine.de\/2026\/02\/27\/geleakter-eeg-entwurf-abschaffung-der-solarfoerderung-fuer-photovoltaik-anlagen-bis-25-kilowatt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rule of thumb<\/strong>Especially profitable from 5 MWp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion: Solar farms as an investment in the future<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open-space photovoltaics are the most efficient way to generate large-scale electricity for suitable areas. They offer high yields, low costs, and ecological advantages - with professional planning. Solar parks are not a fad, but rather economic infrastructure for the energy transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>On which areas can solar farms be built? <\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversion areas, landfills, buffer strips, commercial areas. No high-quality arable land.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Do you need a building permit?<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, except for small systems (&lt;750 kWp on pre-developed areas). Full inspection including species protection.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Do solar farms promote biodiversity?<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, on suitable areas: flower meadows, sheep, insect habitats. ESD study confirms higher diversity than monocultures.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>What is the cost per kWp?<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u20ac0.6\u20130.9\/Wp for large-scale systems, incl. installation\/grid connection.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Is a solar farm worthwhile for businesses?<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, from 1-2 MWp: EEG + Self-consumption + BESS = ROI 8\u201312 years.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Solar Parks by CUBE CONCEPTS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From feasibility study to operation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Analysis<\/strong>Area analysis, yield forecast, economic viability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Planning<\/strong>Permits, grid connection, species protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Realization<\/strong>Turnkey, incl. tracker\/BESS option.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Operation<\/strong>: CUBE Vision Monitoring, Remote Maintenance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Financing<\/strong>: Purchase, Contracting, EEG optimization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/en\/knowledge\/fachbeitraege\/\">Back to overview<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It is considered the economic driver of the energy transition and, through optimal scalability, enables generation costs of only 3 to 5 ct\/kWh. Learn how solar parks on conversion areas or verges not only tap into unused potential but also actively promote biodiversity.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11040,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11036","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-photovoltaik"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Freifl\u00e4chen-Photovoltaik: Solarparks planen &amp; umsetzen | CUBE CONCEPTS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Solarparks auf Freifl\u00e4chen: Genehmigung, Fl\u00e4chen, Kosten, Vorteile \u2013 praxisnah erkl\u00e4rt f\u00fcr Unternehmen.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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