{"id":5894,"date":"2023-03-14T15:20:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T14:20:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/?p=5894"},"modified":"2025-10-27T07:48:11","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T06:48:11","slug":"ucinnost-solarnich-clanku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/cz\/wirkungsgrad-von-solarzellen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00da\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Efektivita fungov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v podstat\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, jak je \u00da\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f<\/strong>na Kabel\u00e1\u017e<\/strong> a v\u00fdkonnost m\u011bni\u010d<\/strong> z. V\u0161echny hodnoty jsou shrnuty v tzv. Pom\u011br v\u00fdkonu<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd \u00fadaj pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd ve fotovoltaick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu k hodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti sol\u00e1rn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Je to pom\u011br mezi skute\u010dn\u011b vyroben\u00e1 energie<\/strong> z\u00e1vodu a teoreticky mo\u017en\u00e1 energie<\/strong>kter\u00e9 lze vytvo\u0159it za optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek. Tento c\u00edlov\u00fd v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eek se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 z oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 energie na povrchu modulu a z hodnoty jmenovit\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost modulu<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ro\u010dn\u00ed pom\u011br v\u00fdkonnosti by tedy \u010dinil 100 %<\/strong>pokud je fotovoltaick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pod Standardn\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00ed podm\u00ednky<\/strong> s Optimalizovan\u00e1 kabel\u00e1\u017e<\/strong> a s M\u011bni\u010d beze ztr\u00e1t<\/strong> mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, kter\u00e9 by teoreticky mohl vyrobit sou\u010det v\u0161ech sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. Ztr\u00e1ty energie p\u0159es kabely a st\u0159\u00edda\u010de se v sou\u010dasnosti pohybuj\u00ed kolem 5 %. To klade d\u016fraz na sou\u010dasnou \u00fa\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. Zde se v posledn\u00edch letech ud\u00e1lo mnoho. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technologie<\/strong> se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161il pom\u011br v\u00fdkonu fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Zat\u00edmco v 80. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed \u010dinil 50 nebo 60 %, dnes je v pr\u016fm\u011bru p\u0159i 80 nebo dokonce 85 %.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jak funguj\u00ed sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje sv\u011btelnou energii na elektrickou a je obvykle vyroben z polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu k\u0159em\u00edku. Kdy\u017e Fotony<\/strong> dopadaj\u00ed na sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek, uvol\u0148uj\u00ed elektrony, a t\u00edm vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed elekt\u0159inu. Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z n\u011bkolik vrstev<\/strong>kter\u00e9 jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny tak, aby zachycovaly a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaly dopadaj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btlo. Tyto vrstvy se obvykle naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed n- a p-vrstvy<\/strong> je ozna\u010den. Vrstva n je Polovodi\u010dov\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/strong>kter\u00e1 obsahuje p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9 elektrony, zat\u00edmco vrstva p Elektronov\u00e9 d\u00edry<\/strong> obsahuje. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky pohlcuj\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e Vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka 1200 nanometr\u016f<\/strong> a p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed energii elektron\u016fm, kter\u00e9 pak proud\u00ed z n-vrstvy do p-vrstvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komer\u010dn\u00ed typy sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a \u00fa\u010dinnosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pro komer\u010dn\u00ed fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se dnes obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tyto prvky monokrystalick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky<\/strong> kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v s\u00e9riov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b \u00da\u010dinnost 25 %<\/strong> lze dos\u00e1hnout. V laboratorn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch v roce 2022 ji\u017e v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 centra dos\u00e1hla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 33 % u tandemov\u00fdch sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a dokonce v\u00edce ne\u017e 45 % u sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f se \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobn\u00fdm p\u0159echodem. To je mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch vrstev, kter\u00e9 jsou citliv\u00e9 ve spektr\u00e1ln\u00edm rozsahu 300-1780 nanometr\u016f. D\u00edky t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 technologii byla poprv\u00e9 p\u0159ekro\u010dena hodnota 33 %, kter\u00e1 byla po mnoho let uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako horn\u00ed hranice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polykrystalick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky <\/strong>jsou p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b a dnes maj\u00ed \u00da\u010dinnost a\u017e 20 %. <\/strong>Skl\u00e1daj\u00ed se z n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u011b orientovan\u00fdch krystalit\u016f, maj\u00ed nepravidelnou namodralou strukturu a jsou obecn\u011b o n\u011bco men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e monokrystalick\u00e9 sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky. Polykrystalick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed elekt\u0159inu i p\u0159i slab\u0161\u00edm slune\u010dn\u00edm svitu, a proto jsou vhodn\u00e9 i pro m\u00edsta s pon\u011bkud hor\u0161\u00edmi sv\u011bteln\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amorfn\u00ed k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky nebo tenkovrstv\u00e9 moduly<\/strong> se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z tenk\u00e9 vrstvy amorfn\u00edho k\u0159em\u00edku (a-Si) jako aktivn\u00edho polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a dnes maj\u00ed hodnotu \u00da\u010dinnost mezi 10 a 13 %<\/strong>. Na rozd\u00edl od krystalick\u00e9ho k\u0159em\u00edku, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z pravideln\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch atom\u016f, je amorfn\u00ed k\u0159em\u00edk neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd a m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hustotu defekt\u016f. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je m\u00e9n\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd p\u0159i p\u0159enosu elektron\u016f polovodi\u010dem. Jejich v\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee jsou ten\u010d\u00ed a leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e krystalick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky a \u017ee jsou pru\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je lze pou\u017e\u00edt v ohebn\u00fdch sol\u00e1rn\u00edch modulech, kter\u00e9 se mohou oh\u00fdbat a p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat neobvykl\u00fdm tvar\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vlivy, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Za prv\u00e9, Degradace<\/strong> co\u017e ovliv\u0148uje \u00fa\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. U modern\u00edch krystalick\u00fdch sol\u00e1rn\u00edch modul\u016f je po zhruba 20 letech stanovena degradace 10 %, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee maj\u00ed zaru\u010denou zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost 90 %. Naproti tomu tenkovrstv\u00e9 moduly mohou za stejnou dobu ztratit v d\u016fsledku degradace a\u017e 30 % sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm faktorem \u00fa\u010dinnosti je Teplota<\/strong>. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je chladn\u011bji, t\u00edm lep\u0161\u00ed je v\u00fdnos. Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed moduly se snadno zah\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed i v chladn\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch zimn\u00edch dnech, kdy sv\u00edt\u00ed slunce, a dosahuj\u00ed teplot 20\u00b0 a v\u00edce. I p\u0159es n\u00edzkou polohu slunce jsou pak \u010dasto \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e srovnateln\u00fd syst\u00e9m v bl\u00edzkosti rovn\u00edku. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fa\u010dinnost monokrystalick\u00fdch sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f kles\u00e1 o 0,4 % na ka\u017ed\u00fd stupe\u0148 Celsia. V hork\u00fdch letn\u00edch dnech, kdy se panel m\u016f\u017ee rychle zah\u0159\u00e1t na 70 \u00b0C, lze zaznamenat ztr\u00e1ty a\u017e 20 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je logick\u00e9, \u017ee Zarovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na \u00fa\u010dinnost. Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed moduly v\u0161ak lze obvykle dokonale p\u0159izp\u016fsobit slune\u010dn\u00edmu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed u st\u0159e\u0161n\u00edch fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f jejich vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm a u sol\u00e1rn\u00edch park\u016f nebo sol\u00e1rn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161k\u016f optimalizac\u00ed jejich instalace. Tento takzvan\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det azimutu se prov\u00e1d\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se tak\u00e9 ur\u010duje celkov\u00fd v\u00fdnos elekt\u0159iny. Zohled\u0148uj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 faktory zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u00da\u010dinnost<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vliv Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong> na \u00fa\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. P\u0159i \u00fahlu sklonu 30-35\u00b0, kter\u00fd je v N\u011bmecku obvykl\u00fd, lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat ztr\u00e1ty 2-3 % v z\u00e1vislosti na ru\u0161iv\u00fdch vlivech, jako je list\u00ed, jehli\u010d\u00ed, prach, saze nebo pta\u010d\u00ed trus. U plo\u0161\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 se ne\u010dist\u00ed de\u0161t\u011bm nebo sn\u011bhem, m\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinnost rychle klesnout pod 90 % jmenovit\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu, pokud se sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky ne\u010dist\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plo\u0161n\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost ve vztahu k \u00fa\u010dinnosti a typ\u016fm sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Velikost fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu by m\u011bla v\u017edy vych\u00e1zet ze spot\u0159eby podniku. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce elekt\u0159iny se spot\u0159ebuje, t\u00edm je \u00fasporn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je spot\u0159eba elekt\u0159iny, t\u00edm rozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je instalovat v\u00edce sol\u00e1rn\u00edch modul\u016f. Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det optim\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u010dtu se stanov\u00ed spot\u0159eba v pom\u011bru k dostupn\u00e9 plo\u0161e. Jmenovit\u00fd v\u00fdkon fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v kWp (Kilowattov\u00e1 \u0161pi\u010dka<\/a>) nebo MWp (megawattov\u00e1 \u0161pi\u010dka). Vezmeme-li za z\u00e1klad \u00fa\u010dinnost jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, dostaneme n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadavky na plochu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monokrystalick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky na kWp cca 5 m\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polykrystalick\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky na kWp cca 6 m\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amorfn\u00ed k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky na kWp cca 16 m\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto hodnoty jsou v\u0161ak pouze hrub\u00fdm vod\u00edtkem, proto\u017ee na ka\u017ed\u00fd projekt fotovoltaiky se vztahuj\u00ed jin\u00e9 po\u017eadavky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad spole\u010dnost CUBE CONCEPTS obvykle instaluje monokrystalick\u00e9 moduly na st\u0159e\u0161n\u00ed plochy o rozm\u011brech 100 \u00d7 180 cm. Ty maj\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed jmenovit\u00fd v\u00fdkon p\u0159es 420 W. V\u00fdb\u011br modul\u016f v\u0161ak p\u0159irozen\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, proto\u017ee u Fotovoltaika na st\u0159e\u0161n\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch<\/a> p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 Rezervy zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed st\u0159echy<\/strong> aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby pou\u017e\u00edt i jin\u00e9 typy modul\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zv\u00fd\u0161ila se \u00fa\u010dinnost sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f natolik, \u017ee m\u00e1 smysl je znovu nap\u00e1jet?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Na tuto ot\u00e1zku neexistuje jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f a m\u011bla by b\u00fdt zodpov\u011bzena alespo\u0148 pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 jsou. star\u0161\u00ed deseti let<\/strong> se v\u017edy jednou p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed. Repowering fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/a> mohou b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, pokud se star\u0161\u00ed sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky nahrad\u00ed jin\u00fdmi. st\u00e1rnut\u00ed nebo po\u0161kozen\u00ed jejich v\u00fdkonu<\/strong> nebo je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st renovaci st\u0159echy. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed laborato\u0159 pro obnovitelnou energii (NREL) v USA zve\u0159ejnila interaktivn\u00ed studii o \u00fa\u010dinnosti sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f. Grafika<\/a> kter\u00e1 poskytuje p\u0159ehled v\u00fdvoje \u00fa\u010dinnosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f od roku 1975 do sou\u010dasnosti. Pokud se pom\u011br \u00fa\u010dinnosti va\u0161eho fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu pohybuje mezi 70 nebo 75 %, ur\u010dit\u011b m\u00e1 smysl kontaktovat energetick\u00e9 odborn\u00edky ze spole\u010dnosti CUBE CONCEPTS a uva\u017eovat o v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b fotovoltaick\u00fdch modul\u016f nebo st\u0159\u00edda\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Energetick\u00fd zpravodaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bu\u010fte v\u017edy aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed!<\/p>

Va\u0161e v\u00fdhody:<\/strong><\/p>

\u2713 Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch energie<\/p>

\u2713 Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed informace o energetick\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu a dotac\u00edch<\/p>

\u2713 Odborn\u00e9 znalosti v oblasti fotovoltaiky a udr\u017eitelnosti<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wie effektiv eine gesamte Photovoltaikanlage arbeitet, h\u00e4ngt im Wesentlichen vom Wirkungsgrad der Solarzellen, der Verkabelung und der Leistung des Wechselrichters ab. Zusammengefasst werden alle Werte in der sog. Performance Ratio. Das ist eine Kennzahl, die in der Photovoltaikindustrie verwendet wird, um die Effizienz einer Solaranlage zu bewerten. Es ist das Verh\u00e4ltnis zwischen der tats\u00e4chlich erzeugten […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5895,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-photovoltaik-themen-in-deutschland-wissenswertes-fuer-energieprojekte","category-photovoltaik-themen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWirkungsgrad von Solarzellen | CUBE CONCEPTS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wie hoch in der Wirkungsgrad von Solarzellen, welche Solarzellen-Typen gibt es und lohnt sich Repowering?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/cz\/ucinnost-solarnich-clanku\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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