{"id":22059,"date":"2025-04-22T16:03:52","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T14:03:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/?p=22059"},"modified":"2025-05-14T17:02:21","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T15:02:21","slug":"prepetova-ochrana-pro-fotovoltaicke-systemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/cz\/ueberspannungsschutz-bei-pv-anlagen\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my"},"content":{"rendered":"

Efektivn\u00ed P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/strong> zaru\u010duje nejen dlouhodob\u00fd provoz a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty syst\u00e9mu, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k bezpe\u010dnosti provozu. A\u0165 u\u017e je to zp\u016fsobeno p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm nebo bl\u00edzk\u00fdm \u00faderem blesku, sp\u00ednac\u00edmi operacemi v elektrick\u00e9 s\u00edti nebo vnit\u0159n\u00edmi zm\u011bnami z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee - p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1\u017en\u011b po\u0161kodit elektrick\u00e9 komponenty fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Mo\u017en\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky jsou vadn\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edda\u010de, zni\u010den\u00e9 moduly nebo dokonce po\u017e\u00e1ry. Krom\u011b bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch rizik jsou zna\u010dn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty<\/strong> z d\u016fvodu oprav a odst\u00e1vek v\u00fdroby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odpojova\u010d a p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana a Odpojova\u010d<\/a> z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Maj\u00ed v\u0161ak r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely. Odpojova\u010de slou\u017e\u00ed k bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed obvod\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poruchy. Elektricky odpojuj\u00ed fotovoltaick\u00fd syst\u00e9m od s\u00edt\u011b nebo st\u0159\u00edda\u010de a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed tak bezpe\u010dnou pr\u00e1ci na syst\u00e9mu. Jedn\u00e1 se o \u010dist\u011b mechanick\u00e9 sp\u00edna\u010de bez ochrann\u00e9 funkce proti p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed. Naproti tomu p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana chr\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 komponenty p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdmi \u0161pi\u010dkami a bleskov\u011b odv\u00e1d\u00ed takov\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, ale potenci\u00e1ln\u011b destruktivn\u00ed p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed do zem\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v syst\u00e9mu kr\u00e1tkodob\u011b p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustnou hodnotu - \u010dasto o n\u00e1sobek norm\u00e1ln\u00edho provozn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Toto Nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dky<\/strong> trvaj\u00ed jen kr\u00e1tce, ale mohou zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161kody<\/strong> p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu. P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed lze zhruba rozd\u011blit do dvou kategori\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mezi atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 vlivy pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u00dadery blesku<\/strong>. P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd \u00fader blesku do fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu nebo jeho okol\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit. Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 impulsy<\/strong> p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu. I vzd\u00e1len\u00fd n\u00e1raz v\u0161ak sta\u010d\u00ed k tomu, aby se v kabelech prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm elektromagnetick\u00e9ho pole indukovalo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. To se ozna\u010duje jako Impulsn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed blesku<\/strong>. Jsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b energeticky bohat\u00e9 a maj\u00ed velmi strm\u00fd vzestup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed v s\u00edti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Naopak p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se s\u00edt\u00ed jsou zp\u016fsobena procesy v elektrick\u00e9 s\u00edti nebo v samotn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 soustav\u011b. Typick\u00fdmi spou\u0161t\u011b\u010di jsou sp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee<\/strong>, Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d<\/strong>e nebo Rezonan\u010dn\u00ed efekty<\/strong>kde se mohou v s\u00edti hromadit a zesilovat elektrick\u00e9 oscilace. Tyto tzv. Sp\u00ednac\u00ed impulsn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> maj\u00ed obvykle ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed energie, ale jsou tak\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0159et\u00ed kategorii p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed tzv. Do\u010dasn\u00e1 p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> (TOV - do\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed). Jsou zp\u016fsobena dlouhodob\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad v d\u016fsledku poruchy nulov\u00e9ho vodi\u010de, a vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 d\u00e9lce trv\u00e1n\u00ed mohou zp\u016fsobit i zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161kody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normy a pokyny pro p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ovou ochranu fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f podl\u00e9h\u00e1 velk\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed technick\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, instalace, provozu a \u00fadr\u017eby. Jejich st\u0159edobodem je norma DIN VDE 0100-712, kter\u00e1 je zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed normou shrnuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny po\u017eadavky na elektrick\u00e9 instalace fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. T\u00fdk\u00e1 se jak stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho, tak st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu a odkazuje na dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 normy, zejm\u00e9na na opat\u0159en\u00ed na ochranu p\u0159ed p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00edm, syst\u00e9my ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem a povinnosti zkou\u0161ek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro provozovatele, projektanty a mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed firmy je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, aby rozum\u011bli p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm norm\u00e1m v souvislostech a spr\u00e1vn\u011b je aplikovali - nejen pro spln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1konn\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed technick\u00e9 provozn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a pojistitelnosti syst\u00e9mu. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka poskytuje strukturovan\u00fd p\u0159ehled nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch norem a sm\u011brnic v kontextu p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Norma \/ pokyn<\/strong><\/td>P\u0159edm\u011btov\u00e1 oblast<\/strong><\/td>Oblast pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
DIN VDE 0100-712<\/strong> (2019)<\/td>Elektrick\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/td>Stejnosm\u011brn\u00e1 a st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e1 strana (moduly, st\u0159\u00edda\u010de, \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 jednotky, kabely, odpojovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed atd.)<\/td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed norma pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 instalace, upravuje tak\u00e9 integraci p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany<\/td><\/tr>
DIN VDE 0100-443<\/strong> (povinn\u00e9 od 12\/2018)<\/td>Povinnost ochrany proti p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed<\/td>Budovy s fotovoltaick\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my (obytn\u00e9, komer\u010dn\u00ed, ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 budovy)<\/td>P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana je povinn\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed \u017eivota, majetku nebo IT syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/td><\/tr>
DIN VDE 0100-534<\/strong><\/td>Zaveden\u00ed p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany<\/td>V\u00fdb\u011br, instalace a koordinace p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch ochran (SPD)<\/td>Upravuje technick\u00e9 detaily: \u00farove\u0148 ochrany, v\u00fdb\u011br typu, m\u00edsto instalace, veden\u00ed kabel\u016f.<\/td><\/tr>
DIN EN 62305-3 \/ VDE 0185-305-3<\/strong><\/td>Ochrana p\u0159ed bleskem (vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\/vnit\u0159n\u00ed)<\/td>Budovy s vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi syst\u00e9my ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem<\/td>Dopln\u011bk 5 obsahuje specifick\u00e9 informace o integraci fotovoltaiky do syst\u00e9m\u016f ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem.<\/td><\/tr>
DIN EN 62305-2 \/ VDE 0185-305-2<\/strong><\/td>Anal\u00fdza rizik<\/td>V\u0161echny budovy, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159ed instalac\u00ed syst\u00e9mu ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem.<\/td>Ur\u010den\u00ed, zda a v jak\u00e9m rozsahu je nutn\u00fd syst\u00e9m ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem.<\/td><\/tr>
DIN VDE 0100-600<\/strong><\/td>Prvotn\u00ed kontrola elektrick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/td>St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/td>Pravideln\u00e1 kontrola, dokumentace a \u00fadr\u017eba syst\u00e9mu p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany.<\/td><\/tr>
DIN VDE 0126-23-1<\/strong><\/td>Provoz a \u00fadr\u017eba<\/td>St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/td>Pravideln\u00e1 kontrola, dokumentace a \u00fadr\u017eba syst\u00e9mu p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany.<\/td><\/tr>
Sm\u011brnice VdS<\/strong> (nap\u0159. VdS 2010, 3145)<\/td>Doporu\u010den\u00ed pro upisov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>Zejm\u00e9na pro syst\u00e9my montovan\u00e9 na zem nebo na st\u0159echy s ho\u0159lav\u00fdmi stavebn\u00edmi materi\u00e1ly.<\/td>Dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky poji\u0161\u0165ovnictv\u00ed na minimalizaci rizik a po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochranu<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Koncepce p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana pro Fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/a> nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na jednotliv\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, ale na promy\u0161len\u00e9 celkov\u00e9 koncepci. Ta zohled\u0148uje prostorovou strukturu syst\u00e9mu, typ p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edtomnost vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem a individu\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadavky na bezpe\u010dnost a dostupnost. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm prvkem je tzv. V\u00edce\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana<\/strong>tj. kombinace r\u016fzn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s koordinovan\u00fdm ochrann\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hrub\u00e1 ochrana (typ 1): <\/strong>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, pokud je k dispozici extern\u00ed syst\u00e9m ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem nebo je vy\u017eadov\u00e1n na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy rizik. Je schopen bezpe\u010dn\u011b odv\u00e9st velmi vysok\u00e9 bleskov\u00e9 proudy d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se dostanou do navazuj\u00edc\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Typick\u00e9 m\u00edsto instalace: Hlavn\u00ed rozv\u00e1d\u011b\u010d nebo m\u00edsto vstupu bleskov\u00e9ho proudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St\u0159edov\u00e1 ochrana (typ 2): <\/strong>Slou\u017e\u00ed k vybit\u00ed indukovan\u00e9ho nebo sp\u00ednan\u00e9ho p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se nez\u00e1visle na extern\u00edm syst\u00e9mu ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech. Chr\u00e1n\u00ed citliv\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako jsou st\u0159\u00edda\u010de, bateriov\u00e1 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b nebo \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed elektronika. Typick\u00e9 m\u00edsto instalace: d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed rozv\u00e1d\u011b\u010d, m\u011bni\u010d nebo p\u0159ipojovac\u00ed sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148 gener\u00e1toru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jemn\u00e1 ochrana (typ 3): <\/strong>Dopl\u0148uje koncepci ochrany o m\u00edstn\u00ed ochranu koncov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na u zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e9 elektroniky. To vy\u017eaduje koordinaci s proudov\u00fdmi chr\u00e1ni\u010di typu 2. Typick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed: p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed komunika\u010dn\u00edmi nebo \u0159\u00eddic\u00edmi jednotkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koncepce ochrany v\u017edy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 Anal\u00fdza rizik<\/strong>Existuje vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ochrana p\u0159ed bleskem? Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se budova v oblasti ohro\u017een\u00e9 bleskem? Jak\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy ochrany jsou po\u017eadov\u00e1ny? Jak\u00e9 jsou d\u00e9lky kabel\u016f a rozd\u00edly potenci\u00e1l\u016f? Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto faktor\u016f se rozhoduje, jak\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou nutn\u00e1 a kde by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd je nejen v\u00fdb\u011br spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch komponent, ale tak\u00e9 jejich odborn\u00e1 instalace: co nejkrat\u0161\u00ed kabelov\u00e9 trasy, spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 koordinace mezi \u00farovn\u011bmi ochrany, spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed a vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed potenci\u00e1l\u016f. Pouze pokud jsou v\u0161echny \u00farovn\u011b ochrany koordinov\u00e1ny, lze \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit energii p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed a omezit \u0161kodliv\u00e9 zbytkov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed na bezpe\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komponenty pro ochranu proti p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed ve fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 ochran\u011b fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159ed p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00edm a \u00fa\u010dinky blesku se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 komponenty. Jsou speci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny po\u017eadavk\u016fm na stejnosm\u011brnou a st\u0159\u00eddavou stranu a na komunika\u010dn\u00ed a datov\u00e1 veden\u00ed. Tzv. Svodi\u010d p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong> (SPD - Surge Protective Devices) podle typu 1-3 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Extern\u00ed ochrana p\u0159ed bleskem (je-li vy\u017eadov\u00e1na)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ochrana p\u0159ed bleskem se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, pokud to vy\u017eaduje anal\u00fdza rizik nebo pokud je budova ji\u017e vybavena vhodn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. C\u00edlem je zachytit p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 \u00fadery blesku a bezpe\u010dn\u011b je odv\u00e9st do zem\u011b. To zahrnuje z\u00e1chytn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako jsou ty\u010de nebo dr\u00e1ty na exponovan\u00fdch m\u00edstech, svody pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 veden\u00ed proudu a dob\u0159e dimenzovan\u00fd uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Tato opat\u0159en\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm konstrukci budovy a slou\u017e\u00ed k tomu, aby po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrana staveb<\/strong> - Citliv\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vy\u017eaduj\u00ed dodate\u010dnou vnit\u0159n\u00ed p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ovou ochranu. Ochrana proti p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed pro komunika\u010dn\u00ed a datov\u00e1 veden\u00ed <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana (vnit\u0159n\u00ed ochrana p\u0159ed bleskem)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (SPD) chr\u00e1n\u00ed Elektrick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong> proti n\u00e1sledk\u016fm nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch \u00fader\u016f blesku a p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed. Podle m\u00edsta pou\u017eit\u00ed a po\u017eadavk\u016f na ochranu se rozli\u0161uj\u00ed t\u0159i typy: Typ 1 (svodi\u010d bleskov\u00fdch proud\u016f) sv\u00e1d\u00ed vysok\u00e9 bleskov\u00e9 proudy a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u vstupu do budovy. Typ 2 (svodi\u010d p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed) chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed sp\u00ednac\u00edmi a vzd\u00e1len\u00fdmi p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00edmi a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v elektrom\u011brov\u00fdch sk\u0159\u00edn\u00edch, rozv\u00e1d\u011b\u010d\u00edch nebo na st\u0159\u00edda\u010d\u00edch. Typ 3 (jemn\u00e1 ochrana) dopl\u0148uje typ 2 a chr\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako jsou komunika\u010dn\u00ed komponenty. Ve fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech se obvykle vy\u017eaduje harmonizovan\u00e1 kombinace v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed typ\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozd\u00edly mezi ochrann\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi na stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 a st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 stran\u011b fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pracuj\u00ed jak se stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm proudem (DC) na stran\u011b sol\u00e1rn\u00edch modul\u016f, tak se st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fdm proudem (AC) po konverzi ve st\u0159\u00edda\u010di. Na obou stran\u00e1ch je nutn\u00e1 ochrana proti p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed. v\u017edy povinn\u00e9<\/strong>. V z\u00e1vislosti na typu nap\u011bt\u00ed se ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed svou konstrukc\u00ed, funk\u010dnost\u00ed a technick\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na Strana stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> - Tj. mezi sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi moduly, \u0159et\u011bzci a st\u0159\u00edda\u010dem - tok proudu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 konstantn\u00ed v jednom sm\u011bru. P\u0159i vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed tak m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout stabiln\u00ed oblouk, kter\u00fd je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 uhasit. Stejnosm\u011brn\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proto mus\u00ed m\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed komory pro zh\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed oblouku nebo jin\u00e1 technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 tento oblouk bezpe\u010dn\u011b p\u0159eru\u0161\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho jsou stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje polarizovan\u00e9, tj. jsou z\u0159eteln\u011b ozna\u010deny \"+\" a \"-\" a mus\u00ed b\u00fdt instalov\u00e1ny podle sm\u011bru proudu. Typick\u00fdm m\u00edstem instalace jsou rozvodn\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b gener\u00e1tor\u016f nebo strunov\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b v bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti modul\u016f. U del\u0161\u00edch kabel\u016f - nap\u0159\u00edklad del\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e 10 metr\u016f - mezi sol\u00e1rn\u00edm gener\u00e1torem a st\u0159\u00edda\u010dem se doporu\u010duje pou\u017eit\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch ochrann\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na Strana AC<\/strong> - za st\u0159\u00edda\u010dem, tj. v oblasti nap\u00e1jen\u00ed ze s\u00edt\u011b, usnad\u0148uj\u00ed periodick\u00e9 p\u0159echody st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu p\u0159es nulu zh\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed oblouku. Ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako jsou miniaturn\u00ed jisti\u010de nebo svodi\u010de p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed, maj\u00ed proto v t\u00e9to oblasti obvykle kompaktn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed konstrukci. Obvykle nejsou polarizov\u00e1ny a \u010dasto jsou ozna\u010deny \"Line\" a \"Load\", aby se rozli\u0161ila vstupn\u00ed a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed strana. Obvykle se instaluj\u00ed do elektrom\u011brov\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b, do rozvodnic nebo p\u0159\u00edmo na v\u00fdstup st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu m\u011bni\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na stran\u011b stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu p\u0159ed m\u011bni\u010dem se obvykle nach\u00e1zej\u00ed Rozvodn\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b gener\u00e1tor\u016f<\/strong> s integrovanou p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ovou ochranou. Jisti\u010d zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> (RCD) jsou instalov\u00e1ny na stran\u011b st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna ochrana osob a syst\u00e9mu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poruchov\u00fdch proud\u016f. Sog. Kombinovan\u00fd svodi\u010d<\/strong> (typ 1+2+3) nab\u00edzej\u00ed ochranu p\u0159ed bleskov\u00fdm proudem a p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00edm v jednom za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a instaluj\u00ed se na st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 stran\u011b, zejm\u00e9na v budov\u00e1ch s vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm syst\u00e9mem ochrany p\u0159ed bleskem. A kone\u010dn\u011b vestav\u011bn\u00fd P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana datov\u00fdch kabel\u016f<\/strong> po\u0161kozen\u00ed a nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dky na monitorovac\u00edch, \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch a komunika\u010dn\u00edch veden\u00edch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krit\u00e9ria v\u00fdb\u011bru komponent\u016f p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vhodn\u00fdch p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch ochran (SPD) vy\u017eaduje pe\u010dlivou koordinaci s technick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je p\u0159itom n\u011bkolik krit\u00e9ri\u00ed: . Jmenovit\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (Uc)<\/strong> mus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat nap\u011bt\u00ed v syst\u00e9mu - a\u0165 u\u017e na stran\u011b stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nebo st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho proudu - a zohled\u0148ovat mo\u017en\u00e9 nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dky v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b poruchy. Na adrese . P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 proudov\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017eitelnost<\/strong> (Iimp pro typ 1, Imax pro typ 2) ud\u00e1v\u00e1 bleskov\u00e9 nebo p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 proudy, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed propou\u0161t\u011bt bez po\u0161kozen\u00ed. Stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je \u00darove\u0148 ochrany (Nahoru)<\/strong>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed propust\u00ed, kdy\u017e reaguje - tato hodnota mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dielektrick\u00e1 pevnost koncov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bna. Krom\u011b toho by m\u011bl pou\u017eit\u00fd transform\u00e1tor spl\u0148uje normy<\/strong> a spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavky normy DIN EN 61643-11. Zejm\u00e9na pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my DC-CNC<\/strong> kter\u00e9 jsou navr\u017eeny pro p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed v \u0159et\u011bzci a po\u017eadovanou proudovou zat\u00ed\u017eitelnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instalace a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 instalace a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je pro \u00fa\u010dinnou ochranu z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. V z\u00e1sad\u011b plat\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Krat\u0161\u00ed <\/strong>kabelov\u00e9 trasy mezi ochrann\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi a chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdmi sou\u010d\u00e1stmi, \u010d\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je riziko <\/strong>indukovan\u00e1 p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed. Zejm\u00e9na na stran\u011b stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt Zemn\u00ed spojen\u00ed s n\u00edzkou impedanc\u00ed<\/strong> jsou nezbytn\u00e9, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 spolehliv\u011b odv\u00e9st vybit\u00fd proud do zem\u011b. M\u00edsta instalace z\u00e1vis\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch po\u017eadavc\u00edch na ochranu: Na Strana stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> Sn\u00edma\u010de jsou obvykle instalov\u00e1ny v \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edni a na vstupu m\u011bni\u010de. Na Strana AC<\/strong> jsou um\u00edst\u011bny v elektrom\u011brov\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edni a - v z\u00e1vislosti na velikosti syst\u00e9mu - v d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch rozv\u00e1d\u011b\u010d\u00edch. Tak\u00e9 Komunika\u010dn\u00ed linky<\/strong>nap\u0159\u00edklad pro p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k s\u00edti Ethernet nebo RS485, by m\u011bly b\u00fdt chr\u00e1n\u011bny pomoc\u00ed Samostatn\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/strong> k ochran\u011b datov\u00fdch z\u00e1znamn\u00edk\u016f, \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch jednotek nebo jednotek vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed po\u0161kozen\u00edm p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dadr\u017eba p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana pro fotovoltaick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my je N\u00edzk\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na \u00fadr\u017ebu<\/strong>ale nen\u00ed bez\u00fadr\u017ebov\u00fd. Proto\u017ee komponenty p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159ep\u011bt\u00ed rozptyluj\u00ed elektrickou energii, podl\u00e9haj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu opot\u0159eben\u00ed. Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 ochrany jsou proto nezbytn\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9 vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontroly a funk\u010dn\u00ed testy. Modern\u00ed syst\u00e9my maj\u00ed optick\u00fd <\/strong>nebo Elektronick\u00e9 stavov\u00e9 displeje<\/strong>kter\u00e9 ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Zejm\u00e9na po bou\u0159k\u00e1ch nebo zn\u00e1m\u00fdch poruch\u00e1ch v s\u00edti je vhodn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st c\u00edlenou kontrolu ochrann\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na u syst\u00e9m\u016f v oblastech n\u00e1chyln\u00fdch k blesk\u016fm. Na adrese . Dokumentace <\/strong>je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1: pom\u00e1h\u00e1 v\u010das odhalit potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed slab\u00e1 m\u00edsta a z\u00e1rove\u0148 spl\u0148uje po\u017eadavky norem a poji\u0161\u0165oven. Koncepce \u00fadr\u017eby zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na budoucnost proto zvy\u0161uje provozn\u00ed spolehlivost a \u017eivotnost cel\u00e9ho fotovoltaick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e1 ochrana je nejen nezbytn\u00e1 pro bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a hospod\u00e1rn\u00fd provoz fotovoltaick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f - \u010dasto je tak\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem pro jejich realizaci. Poji\u0161\u0165ovny vy\u017eaduj\u00ed promy\u0161lenou koncepci p\u0159ep\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 ochrany ji\u017e ve f\u00e1zi pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na u velk\u00fdch komer\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Jen tak lze technicky zvl\u00e1dnout a ekonomicky ochr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed riziky zp\u016fsoben\u00fdmi \u00faderem blesku, ud\u00e1lostmi v s\u00edti nebo vnit\u0159n\u00edmi poruchami. V\u00edce\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e1 koncepce ochrany v souladu s normami v kombinaci s odbornou instalac\u00ed a pravidelnou \u00fadr\u017ebou zaji\u0161\u0165uje provozn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, dostupnost a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty syst\u00e9mu v dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Zp\u011bt na p\u0159ehled<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ein wirksamer \u00dcberspannungsschutz bei PV-Anlagen garantiert nicht nur den dauerhaften Betrieb und Werterhalt der Anlage, sondern ist auch ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Betriebssicherheit. Ob durch direkte oder nahe Blitzeinschl\u00e4ge, Schaltvorg\u00e4nge im Stromnetz oder betriebsinterne Lastwechsel \u2013 \u00dcberspannungen k\u00f6nnen die elektrischen Komponenten einer PV-Anlage schwer besch\u00e4digen. Defekte Wechselrichter, zerst\u00f6rte Module oder sogar Br\u00e4nde sind m\u00f6gliche Folgen. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":22061,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-photovoltaik-themen-in-deutschland-wissenswertes-fuer-energieprojekte","category-photovoltaik-themen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u00dcberspannungsschutz bei PV-Anlagen | CUBE CONCEPTS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ein \u00dcberspannungsschutz bei PV-Anlagen ist essentiell f\u00fcr die Sicherheit und verhindert wirtschaftliche Verluste.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cubeconcepts.de\/cz\/prepetova-ochrana-pro-fotovoltaicke-systemy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" 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